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, Fatima F Bebal Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Akshay D Bagwe Department of Zoology, KET’s V. G. Vaze College of Arts, Science & Commerce (Autonomous) , Mithagar Road, Mumbai - 400 081, Maharashtra, India Department of Zoology, Sophia College for Women (Autonomous) , Bhulabhai Desai Road, Mumbai - 400 026, Maharashtra , India Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Roshan C D’Souza Department of Zoology, Sophia College for Women (Autonomous) , Bhulabhai Desai Road, Mumbai - 400 026, Maharashtra , India Corresponding author: Department of Zoology, Sophia College for Women (Autonomous), Bhulabhai Desai Road, Mumbai - 400 026, Maharashtra, India Email: roshan.dsouza@sophiacollege.edu.in Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Bharatbhushan B Sharma Department of Zoology, KET’s V. G. Vaze College of Arts, Science & Commerce (Autonomous) , Mithagar Road, Mumbai - 400 081, Maharashtra, India Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic
https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4014-7285 Toxicology Research, Volume 13, Issue 3, June 2024, tfae086, https://doi.org/10.1093/toxres/tfae086
Published:
03 June 2024
Article history
Received:
28 March 2024
Revision received:
13 May 2024
Accepted:
28 May 2024
Published:
03 June 2024
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Fatima F Bebal, Akshay D Bagwe, Roshan C D’Souza, Bharatbhushan B Sharma, Identifying toxic effects and metabolic perturbations of Duttaphrynus melanostictus skin extracts in human erythrocytes, Toxicology Research, Volume 13, Issue 3, June 2024, tfae086, https://doi.org/10.1093/toxres/tfae086
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Abstract
Background
Skin secretions of toads are widely used in medicine all over the world for their antiviral, anti-infective, and cardiotonic properties. Because these secretions are mostly employed to combat blood parasite infection, it is important to understand their potential toxic effects on human erythrocytes. Therefore, the objective of the current investigation was to elucidate the effects of Duttaphrynus melanostictus (Schneider) skin extracts on the physiology of human erythrocytes.
Methods
Toads captured from their natural habitat were separated into three groups according to their body size. Hydroalcoholic extracts of toad skin were prepared by reflux heating. These extracts were then evaluated for their hemolytic and hemoglobin denaturation potential. The effects of the extracts on cytosolic and membrane-bound enzymes of human erythrocytes were assessed.
Results
The hemolysis and hemoglobin denaturation caused by these extracts correlated positively with the respective toad sizes. Extracts from medium and large toads led to increased osmotic fragility even at near iso-osmotic concentrations. Biochemical analysis of hemolysate showed that the treatment induced a shift of metabolic flux toward the glutathione pathway. Analysis of membrane-bound enzymes revealed a significant decrease in the activity of Na+/K+ ATPase and acetylcholinesterase. SDS-PAGE analysis of the erythrocyte membrane did not show the band of tropomodulin for the cells treated with 1000 𝜇g/ml extract from large toads.
Conclusions
In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that the toxicity of toad skin secretions aggravates with the size of the animal and interferes with the physiology of human erythrocytes, leading to their membrane disruption and rapid lysis.
toads, Hemotoxicity, glutathione pathway, ATPase, tropomodulin
© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com
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